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In layman terms, greenhouse effect is the rebound of the radiative energy (in the form of thermal energy) in all directions, in the atmosphere. In fact, this energy is redirected in all directions, but it is of utmost importance to regulate it back in the atmosphere; this is done so that balance can be brought about in humans and nature. A very important aspect of this whole process are the green house gases – water vapor (36-70%), carbon dioxide (9-26%), methane (4-9%), ozone (3-7%). These gases, also known as the atmospheric gases are basically responsible for trapping the thermal energy.

We see the greenhouse mechanism everyday – when our cars get heated up in the sun, in the nurseries with shades etc. the energy which is trapped back in these surfaces is indeed great for its respective processes; but when it comes to the atmosphere, it is a different thing altogether. Like the saying goes, excess of everything is bad, in the same way; the excess of the greenhouse gases (resulting in excessive radiative energy) is bad for the natural heath of the flora, fauna as well as Homo sapiens.

With the progress of mankind, discovery of fuel, deforestation, agricultural practices resulting in the emission of atmospheric methane, extensive use of CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) industrialization etc, carbon dioxide has only kept increasing in the atmosphere; and as compared to other gases, the increase in the level of carbon dioxide is the most alarming because it absorbs the most of the radiative energy.

Many measures have been taken worldwide to take initiatives to conserve energy and indirectly prevent global warming created by the greenhouse effect. There are alternate methods of utilizing energy such as solar energy, wind energy etc – which are of course very expensive, but a cheaper way to use them must be found as soon as possible. Another way to contribute our bit is through the ‘carbon offset‘.

Carbon offset is simply an effort to reduce the emission of carbon or other greenhouse gases so that this reduction is compensated for an atmospheric gases’ emission elsewhere. These are measured in metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e). One carbon offset is equivalent to the reduction of one metric ton of carbon dioxide or the other greenhouse gases.

These are achieved by supporting the alternative or renewable energy plants or equipments. Here the support means a financial support. Due to the Corporate Social Responsibility measures growing throughout the world, Business carbon offsets have become a major way of contribution.

Article by hi joiney

HC Chemical Network Information which are invisible touch or smell gas but no doubt it is closely related to each of us Carbon dioxide are being considered to be one culprit in global warming October 28 to participate in the development of China 39 s first energy saving industrial environment of Beijing University Seminar Energy Research Institute heat transfer enhancement and Energy Conservation Education Department of Laboratory Director Chong Fang told the quot China Economy Weekly quot the Earth 39 s temperature rising rate should be controlled within at 2 but compared to the Industrial Revolution and has now increased by 0 8 atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide not more than 450ppm but also has reached 387ppm quot and in increased rate of 2ppm a year quot To an adult every day for nearly 1 000 grams of carbon dioxide emitted into account no doubt more than 50 billion for the greenhouse effect the Earth 39 s population is doing quot a great contribution quot But even so the amount of carbon dioxide caused by human beings is still smaller than burning coal stone emissions This allows the human attempt to create their own carbon dioxide back underground Carbon capture and storage CCS technology has in recent years become a topic of even politicians are cold quot Carbon capture and storage technology really is a responsible one quot Some experts questioned Coal most quot dirty quot Natural gas Cleaner Authoritative data in accordance with the current technology level the average unit price of coal power generation of about 1 000 grams of carbon dioxide emissions is necessary only the United States carbon dioxide emissions from power plants each year reached 1 5 billion tons This allows the coal to be the most quot dirty quot energy ore quot 70 of all carbon emissions produced by fossil fuels quot England Renewable Energy Co Ltd Representative Dianjun told the quot China Economic Weekly quot Share of global electricity generation coal 2 3 of the world 39 s energy mix and will continue to play an important role International mainstream opinion that the current world coal reserves could support at least 100 years coal power plants is difficult to be eliminated in a short time quot Especially in China coal is no alternative energy sources quot According to the International Energy Agency IEA estimates that China 39 s carbon dioxide emissions from coal power plants coal power plants around the world accounted for 38 of emissions and this figure growing However if the switch to natural gas the average per unit is only about 500 grams of carbon dioxide emissions only half of coal generation Chong Fang told the quot China Economic Weekly quot in order to control the air temperature rise within 2 the global greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced to 2050 levels by half in 1990 According to IEA estimates in order to achieve the above objectives the cheapest way is to develop consumer awareness of energy conservation quot but we still live in to high carbon lifestyle such as incandescent lamps still in use people just can not turn off the light of phenomenon can be seen everywhere quot Dianjun said Second energy efficiency these two methods can be expected to achieve emission reduction targets add up to 50 of the remaining 50 must be another way In China according to the quot Eleventh Five Year Plan quot requirement by 2010 China 39 s energy efficiency in 2005 on a basis of 20 China 39 s energy efficiency increased by 1 percentage point each that means 330 million tons of standard coal will reduce energy consumption Bury carbon dioxide back underground In fact carbon capture and storage CCS technology is widespread concern regarded as a quot savior of the earth quot before the recycling of carbon dioxide has been applied in private 70s of last century in order to improve Oil Of recovery the oil fields of Texas had to inject carbon dioxide underground 90 39 s of last century carbon dioxide into the Norwegian oil and gas fields have been mining oil and gas out of the remaining to extend the service life of oil and gas fields

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I am an expert from ricesteamcooker.com, while we provides the quality product, such as vegetable steamers , China cooking rice cooker, steam vegetables steamer,and more.

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You’ve probably heard a lot about solar energy and how efficient it is. Moreover, over the last few years, there have been several moves to see how effectively we can use solar power in an attempt to alleviate the energy crisis that the world faces. So, how does using solar energy fit into the bigger picture of protecting our environment? The point is that even small changes in the way we do things go a long way in terms of saving our environment.

Solar energy is a renewable energy sourceThe sun offers us a great source of renewable energy; it’s been around for over four billion years and is likely to stay around for another five billion years, during its life it will supply us with a steady stream of energy. So, apart from the obvious fact of solar energy is in abundance, people who are environmentally conscious find that using solar energy is an excellent way to help protect the environment.But what makes solar energy an attractive option is the fact that unlike polluting fossil fuels, its availability is not governed by the oil industry, an industry that is riddled with capitalistic individuals, and influenced heavily by several geographic and political factors that invariably affect the supply.Solar Energy on the other hand is a clean environmentally friendly energy resource and a very viable alternative to existing fossil fuels that pollute our lands, water and air, threaten our health, and contribute substantially to global warming.

Solar energy transformed into thermal (or heat) energy can be used to:* Cook food â�,�“ Using Solar Cookers* Heat water â�,�“ in Houses, Office Buildings, or Swimming Pools.* Heat closed spaces â�,�“ a Greenhouse, a House or even other Buildings.

Solar energy can also be converted to electricity by using:* Photovoltaic devices or “solar cells” that transforms sunlight into electricity. These systems are often used in areas with no regular electricity supply. Some common devices that are sometimes powered by these solar cells include, street lights, road signs and some gadgets like watches and even calculators.* Solar Power Plants are electricity generating plants that use thermal energy obtained from the suns radiation to super heat liquids that in turn become steam and rotate the turbines of a generator to generate electricity.

How can solar power rescue the environment?For starters, switching over to solar power would help cut back our dependence on organic fuels. This in itself is a huge saving, reduced hydrocarbons and emissions in the air, mean fresh cleaner air. Some ripple down effects would be, controlling the global warming, less acid rain, no smog the list can go on and on, however, let me elaborate some of the better know environmental benefits.Decrease air pollution

The most commonly obvious benefit is the fact that by using solar energy we are able to reduce the levels of pollution. As we reduce the amount of fossil fuels being burnt and switch over instead to solar power from our needs there is a corresponding decrease in the amount of pollution produced. Solar electrification in some rural areas also decreases the dependence of the electricity grid and generators that run on petrol or diesel.

Offsets greenhouse gasesSolar Cell (PV systems) generates electricity with absolutely no carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. This in turn plays a significant step in reducing the overall greenhouse effect that we face. Apparently studies show that approximately six tons of carbon emissions are offset through the use of a single Solar cell over a period of twenty five years.Conserve energy

The world over, and especially the third world countries have begun to embrace the conservation and use of solar electricity through several conservations programs to help conserve power for urban areas, city lighting as well as commercial and industrial needs. While solar plants and other forms of decentralised solar generated energy is used to serve the basic power consumption needs in the majority of the developing areas.

Reduces discarding dry cell batteriesPeople in several countries around the world rely heavily on the use of small dry-cell batteries for various gadgets, like flashlights and radioâ�,��,,�s. These batteries are primarily composed of lead acid and sometimes other materials that can be toxic to us. When the battery is improperly disposed off, they start leaking; toxic chemical contents seep into the surroundings and contaminate the soil, water or air around it. By switching over to the use of solar energy the dependence on dry cells batteries reduces drastically and consequently all issues associated with its disposal.

Low cost energy alternativeUsing solar energy at home substantially reduces the need for dependence on electricity or gas. Solar panels placed on your roof top collect the solar energy and store them away in batteries for later use. This power can be used to power up lights around the house in the evenings or when it is dark. Solar thermal converts can be used to heat water that or even your home again offering substantial savings on those fronts. Solar cooking ovens could be used during the day for baking and cooking meals.

The use of “Solar Energy”, a fresh, clean, free and abundant source of renewable energy will over the course of time reduce our dependence on other sources of energy that arenâ�,��,,�t as helpful to our environment. If you want to make a difference to the world you live in, this is a wonderful place to start.

Please Feel Free To Vist Our http://learnmoreon.com/greenhouse To Know More About greenhouse

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You cannot plan effectively for your future until you understand what climate change holds for you. If you decided to do that then the Greenhouse Effect would be the first thing you would want to master. It’s not difficult and you will own it by the time you finish this page.

About 30% of the light arriving from the sun hits our atmosphere and bounces off, back out into space. The balance of the sun’s light continues on, toward the planet’s surface, where it will encounter something that is either light or dark in color . When the surface is light in color, it reflects the sun’s light back through the atmosphere and then on out into space. If the incoming light from the sun encounters a dark colored surface, it is absorbed and then converted into infra red – infra red is heat. The infra-red then rises into the atmosphere where a very small portion of it will bump into molecules of greenhouse gas, such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2). When that collision occurs, the greenhouse gas (GHG) molecule begins to vibrate slightly and then it tosses the infra red heat back toward the planet’s surface. That’s the greenhouse effect.

If the greenhouse effect did not happen, every night when the heated side of the planet turned away from the sun, the heat collected that day would all escape into space and earth would be turned into an icy and mostly lifeless planet. 

You may have already figured out that the quantity of heat that gets reflected back toward earth, depends entirely on how many molecules of greenhouse gas (GHGs) are up there in the atmosphere. The levels of GHGs in the atmosphere are always changing – slowly. Over the past few million years the levels of CO2 (the principal GHG) have ranged from a low level of 180 parts per million (ppm) to a high of 280ppm. It takes about 20,000 years for the GHG levels to rise from that low point (180ppm), to the high point of 280ppm and about 100,000 years to return to the low point. Then it starts over. 

The quantities of CO2 involved are very small -180ppm expressed as a percentage of the entire atmosphere looks like this: 0.018% or, eighteen one thousandths of one percent. That still amazes me – that’s a very small amount of stuff to be controlling something as important as the temperature of earth. Historically, at Antarctica where the measurements just mentioned were taken, the temperature increased or decreased 1ºC (1.8ºF) for every 10ppm change in the level of CO2. For perspective, the current increase in mean temperature being attributed to human additions of CO2 to the atmosphere, is about 0.6ºC. For me, these numbers are so small and take so long to change, that this greenhouse effect looks like a very sensitive system indeed, with very small additions and subtractions (10ppm change caused a 1ºC change in temperature, plus or minus) of GHGs causing profound changes in the natural environment. As of 2009, we have added 110ppm of CO2 to the normal level of CO2 to the atmosphere – the level is now 390ppm and rising. Breathtaking, don’t you think?

 (Peer reviewed research, supporting the claims made in this factoid, can be found at the web site shown below)

Article by Erik Leipoldt

The Greenhouse Effect is a naturally occurring phenomenon whereby gases (such as carbon dioxide and methane) high in the Earth’s atmosphere trap the radiation from the sun’s rays as they are reflected off the earth’s surface. This cycle keeps the planet at a steady temperature that supports life.

At natural levels this is fine, however since the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century, humans have been releasing a lot more carbon dioxide into the air. This is making the gases in the atmosphere thicker and causing more of the sun’s radiation to be trapped in the atmosphere. In turn, this leads to rising temperatures, which we now refer to as “global warming”.

Is there anything we can do about the Greenhouse Effect?

One of the largest sources of the additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, gas and oil. We use these fuels to generate electricity and energy for vehicles. The simple solution to reducing the rates of global warming is to develop and implement alternative energy sources and reduce our reliance on the burning of fossil fuels.

Whereas Governments and industry are making some efforts with this important goal, IPCC projections are that currently we are below necessary emission reduction targets that would avoid major climate change disasters.

Substantial amounts of money are being invested in the research and development of sustainable energy sources, such as wind, solar and hydro power. The Greenhouse Effect can also be ameliorated through the electric and hybrid car market, which is expected to rise significantly in coming years.

The most important thing to remember is that the actions of every person on the planet make a difference to the rates of global warming. People often have a tendency to think that the problem is too big and that our individual behavior will have little consequence on the cumulative amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This attitude, when adopted by millions, is one of the biggest obstacles confronting the sustainable future of the planet. And, it is the same mechanism that actually got us to the point that we are now.

What careers assist with the reducing the Greenhouse Effect?

The dangers associated with global warming have created several new industries and some interesting new career opportunities. Now is the time for people with green business ideas to implement them and work on creating a more environmentally sound future.

Governments are providing many incentives for the development of green industry and the general community is increasingly realizing just how important this is. This is generating green business opportunities that have the potential to be very profitable.

One way that you can help to reduce the release of greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels is to become an energy auditor. This can actually be a financially rewarding career.

The problems associated with the greenhouse effect may be significantly reduced if people understand the ways that they can reduce their power consumption and waste in their residential and commercial properties. Becoming an energy auditor can give you knowledge and tools to really make a difference.

About the Author

Dr Erik Leipoldt has long been concerned about the effects of global warming. High quality energy audit training High quality energy audit training is one highly rewarding response.He says this is a good time to get into green careers training.

Article by Ken Snodin

There has been much discussion, both among experts and lay people about the ‘greenhouse effect.’ The greenhouse effect is a term that refers to changes in the Earth’s atmospheric composition, which have been related to the warming of our planet. There is a growing amount of evidence that human activities, particularly those relating to the burning of fossil fuels like oil and coal, are major contributors to the greenhouse effect. The predicted consequences for the planet as a result of the greenhouse effect are extremely serious. They include major changes in the climate that will have an impact on food production and rising sea levels, which will put many coastal and other low-lying communities under water.

Additional information that we have learned about the planet Venus provide a frightening example of the greenhouse effect. Venus has a very dense atmosphere made up of gases. The planet has what has been described as a ‘runaway greenhouse effect.’ It has surface temperature of about 800 degrees Fahrenheit.

Experts generally point to gases like carbon dioxide as the main contributors to the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide, which is a gas that is exhaled by everyone, can absorb infrared radiation. This type of radiation is heat that is radiating away from a warm object. During the day, the Earth is warmed by sunlight, and at night, the Earth cools off by radiating the heat back into space in the form of infrared radiation. Carbon dioxide, and other gases to some extent, absorb this radiation and limit its exit into space. Therefore, the natural cooling mechanism is thwarted.

While it may seem that eliminating the greenhouse effect would be the best strategy, this is not what we want to do. Water vapor represents another element in the heat-absorbing process. There is a great amount of water vapor in the atmosphere at all times. This is why we experience rain. We need the water vapor in the atmosphere to keep the Earth at its normal, comfortable temperature. Without the warmth created by water vapor, the planet would freeze, and that would be the end of life as we know it. Therefore, we need to have some degree of the ‘greenhouse effect’ in order to maintain life on Earth.

We need to strike a balance. Mother Nature is telling us, again, what we should already have learned by now – in any situation, extremes of any kind cause harm.

About the Author

To learn more about our environment and the world we live in visit http://environmentadvice.com

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Proper wood burning does not affect the atmosphere’s carbon dioxide level, and does not promote the greenhouse effect. Dry firewood will burn extremely clean in an efficient stone fireplace, thus producing the same level of carbon dioxide as would be released by the normal process of natural wood decay. This same applies for the nitrogen and sulphuric dioxide levels in comparison to the emission of fossil fuels.

Always Use Dry Wood

An environmentally conscious person always burns dry wood.

Energy Content of Firewood

The thermal value of different wood types is approximately 4.1 kWh/kg in 15% humidity. The energy content of 2.5 kg of firewood equals that of one liter of oil. One cubic meter of firewood releases an equal amount of energy as 190 liters of heating oil.

An efficient fireplace dramatically reduces electrical and oil consumption necessary during the winter. Normally, over half of the home’s annual heating consumption is incurred in the three coldest months of winter. When an efficient fireplace is used during the heating season, it supplies over 50% of the required heat output, while consuming only 10% of the total annual thermal energy requirement. On average three cords of firewood is needed to achieve results.

In an efficient soapstone fireplace, the firewood burns cleanly, with an even draft and hot flame. Thermal energy is quickly stored in the fireplace’s stone, which releases heat slowly and evenly into the room. The fireplace produces minimal emissions. The smoke gases produced by burning wood contain very few substances harmful to the atmosphere. The sulfur level found in wood is approximately 0.05%, making sulfur dioxide amounts in smoke gases very low. The nitrogen level in wood is negligible.

For more information about efficient stone fireplaces, visit Bachmann Fireplaces

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In fact, the greenhouse effect is really needed by the living creatures on earth, with no greenhouse gases, the planet will be very cold reaches minus 18 degrees centigrade so that the ice will cover the whole surface of the earth. However, due to the amount of these gases in the atmosphere have been excessive, then there were global warming.

Global warming caused by the effect of the Glass House event the surface of the earth to absorb some heat and toss the rest back. Some of this heat as infra red radiation wave length to outer space. But some remain trapped heat in the atmosphere accumulate earth due to the amount of greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane the wave radiation into this trap.

After increasing the number of greenhouse gases in the air, otherwise known as first phase of a climate change, then the second stage, the occurrence of the increase in temperature or the temperature in the atmosphere, ocean, land and earth, the increase in temperature or the temperature is known with the term global warming.

Global warming and this is triggering the change in the earth’s climate

Sequentially the United States, China, India, Brazil, Russia, and India is a country of greenhouse gases in the world, each contributed to 6005, 5017, 3014, 2316, 1745, and 1577 million tons equivalent of carbon dioxide (MtCO2e). Source of emissions come from energy sector, agriculture, forestry, and trash.

Of the energy sector is the biggest greenhouse gas 12,628 MtCO2e, followed by the forestry sector 4479 MtCO2e, 2912 MtCO2e agricultural sector, and 635 from the waste of MtCO2e. Total greenhouse gases produced four sectors MtCO2e reach 20,654 donated six countries, the United States, China, India, Brazil, Russia, and India.

The scheme to create warm earth in people believes of producing food-stuff easily but actually that believes is different in every area. What happen now is the warm earth action going to far and makes global warming.

On the latest 20th century when industrial company going so fast, people done activities to produce more carbon dioxide by the use of oil and coal. Their purpose is to make global warming but nowadays people are change realizing that world is getting hot.

Is time for us balancing this circumstance by produce more oxygen?

Yes it is. Start to act saving the world from our self by using natural stuff. The wood furniture manufacturers company must act as the producer of wood by replant tree. As much as people who realize what happen now and know what they suppose to do making world is the best place for living. Act as individual or organization it doesn’t matter to save our living place. Act now everybody.

For more information about furniture natural furniture please joins to our website on www.naturalwoodenfurniture.com, the leading innovative of natural wood furniture from Indonesia.

The Greenhouse Effect maybe the most important natural phenomena and may lead to major changes in our lifestyles within our lifetime. Today, whenever there is a natural disaster, the Greenhouse Effect seems to be on the agenda. It wasn’t so long ago that scientists were dismissive of the Greenhouse Effect and there are some still that do not believe it exists, just like there are still people out there that think the world is still flat and the Holocaust never existed. So what is the Greenhouse Effect?

What is the Greenhouse Effect?
The Greenhouse Effect is the culmination of various Greenhouse gases that have been trapped in the Earth’s stratosphere that is leading to the changing of the word’s climate.

• Under the influence of the sun’s rays, the earth’s temperature varies from 0 to about 50oC with an average through night and day, winter and summer, of about 15o C

• The warming is done by rays from the sun, including the very shortest, ultraviolet (UV) rays and the longest infra-red (IR) rays which give you that warm feeling when you walk out into the sunshine, much like an electric radiator warms you when you turn it on and get close to it.

• Some of the incoming rays are reflected back by the clouds in the sky and others by the sea and land, particularly deserts and snowfields.

• Not all those reflected rays go back into space, instead, the atmosphere re-radiates many of the IR rays towards the earth making it warmer still. It is this ability of the atmosphere to re-radiate warm rays which creates the Greenhouse Effect.

• Water vapour, carbon dioxide and certain other trace gases, absorb some of this radiation and prevent it being sent back into space. This “blanket effect” keeps the earth warm. History of the Greenhouse Effect It is not a new phenomena or concept. The term “Greenhouse gas” was first used in the Nineteen Century, by Irish born scientist John Tyndall in a paper he wrote in London’s Philosophical Magazine in 1863. It wasn’t until the 1960’s that Professor Bert Bolin of Stockholm University worked on the phenomenon. When he discussed it with fellow scientists they said “This is science fiction. We don’t believe it”. However by the mid 1970’s things were starting to change rapidly as scientists were starting to accept he was right.

How do we know the Greenhouse Effect exists? What is the evidence?

1. Scientists have analysed climates on planets like Venus and our moon. Venus which is covered by a very dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide. Its surface temperature is around 500 deg C. Whilst the moon which has no atmosphere has an average temperature of approximately -18 deg C. Our atmosphere keeps the surface of our earth, with an average of 15 deg C, some 33 deg C warmer and thus habitable. Evidence of ice cores Over the past 160,000 years carbon dioxide and methane levels trapped in ice cores have varied with global temperature. Scientists have been able to drill out ice cores from the Arctic and Antarctic and measure the levels of carbon dioxide and methane.
Increase in surface temperature of approximately 0.5 deg C over 100 years as carbon dioxide levels increase Studies conducted by scientists have concluded that the earth’s temperature remained fairly constant until the start of the Industrial Revolution. Indeed it did not change much until the start of the twentieth century. From 1880 to 1940 there was a warming of just a quarter of a degree. Most of it was lost between 1940 and 1970. From 1950 to 1980 the average surface temperature was 15 deg C. Between 1970 and 1980 the temperature average went up by three-tenths of a degree C. 1987 and 1988 were the warmest years on record and since then temperatures have been increasing.  In 2009, Victoria Australia, experienced the hottest two days on record- 46 deg C, and one of the days (February 6th) leading to Australia’s worst natural disaster in which over 170 people died as a result of bushfires.

4. Sea levels are rising and small glaciers are melting.

Scientists using satellite and imaging technology have been able to monitor the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers.

What are the results of the Greenhouse Effect?

By using very sophisticated computer modeling, scientists have been able to predict what the world’s climate will be like when carbon dioxide levels have doubled.

Increase in world’s temperature It is thought that there will be an increase in the average global temperature by between 1.5 and 4.5 deg C . • By year 2030 an increase of 2 deg C, by 2100 an increase of 6 deg C. The warming will be greater at higher latitudes and in winter. This will lead to the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers which is already evident, in places like Greenland, the Arctic and Antarctic. Changes in World’s climate The Greenhouse Effect will lead to world-wide changes in weather and climate. Some places may get more rain and storms while other places may get less. Not all changes will be bad. However, almost everywhere in the world will have changes in weather, which will have a big impact on our lives Rising Sea Level It is estimated that by the year 2030, the average sea level will increase by approximately 20 centimetres. This will be due mainly to the melting of the polar ice cap, but also warming of the atmosphere will heat the upper layers of the oceans, which will expand when heated. For low lying countries in the Pacific like Tuvalu and Kiribati, and in the Indian Ocean like Maldives and other countries like Holland may altogether disappear. Other impacts Other impacts could be the dieing out of some species of animals and plants, such as coastal marine environments and coral reefs. Some plants would not be able to survive temperature increases. It takes thousands of years for forests to move north or south to cooler climates. According to Joel B. Smith, co-author of an EPA report states that “such a warming over a century would require forests to move five times faster than the fastest rate recorded by paleontologists since the end of the last ice age”.

What are the primary Greenhouse gases?

They are a number of organic compounds which have more than two bonds (i.e 3 atoms). The seven major Greenhouse gases are:

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Ozone (O3) Methane (CH4) CFC’s (Freons F11 & F12) Water vapour (H2O) Nitrous Oxides (NOx) Ethane (CH3CH3)

Where do they come from?

Most of the Greenhouse gases have resulted from the burning of fossil fuels. Everything from power stations, motor vehicles, refrigerators, and factory emissions However, CO2 also results from deforestation which releases carbon locked in the soil when trees are felled. CH4 is released from agriculture such as sheep, cattle and manures and places such as tips, sewage treatment plants and mines.

Fossil Fuel contributions

Due to the nature of carbon to hydrogen ratio, different fossil fuels emit different levels of CO2.

Fossil Fuel Carbon to Hydrogen Ratio

Coal Approx.               1:1
Oil Approx.                  1:2
Natural Gas Approx.     1:4

• Hence combustion of coal produces twice the CO2 of natural gas

CO2 Levels in the atmosphere (parts per million)

Pre Industrial Revolution      270 ppm
1988                                  345 ppm
Today                               >355 ppm

By measuring bubbles of gases trapped in polar ice, scientists have shown that the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere prior to the Industrial Revolution was about 270 parts per million (ppm). A special monitoring station established atop from the mountain Mauna Loa in the Hawaiian Islands showed that by 1957 CO2 levels in the atmosphere to 315 ppm, an increase of 17%. By 1988, it had passed 345 ppm. A rise in 31 years of another 11%. An increased total of about 30% since the start of the Industrial Revolution. Expert’s further forecast that CO2 will reach a level of 500-700 ppm by the year 2050, a doubling inside 200 years.

Percentage Contribution of Greenhouse gases to the Greenhouse Effect

CO2                            55%
CFC (F-11/F-12)*         17%
CH4                            15%
NO                              26%
Other                            7%

* Please note that CFCs have been phased out since the mid-nineties

To stablise atmospheric concentration of various gases at present day levels, the following reductions would be required instantly:

CO2                     60%
CH4                    15-20%
NO2                    70-80%
CFC (F-11)*           70-75%
CFC (F-12)*           75-85%

Remaining Scientific Uncertainty
No argument that increasing concentrations of heat trapping gases will lead to an increase in average temperatures world-wide.

However there is an argument about the extent in some cases of various positive and negative effects.

1. Uncertainty in effects of clouds Cumulus- negative cooling effect reflect incoming sunlight High Altitude clouds- positive effect by trapping infra-red radiation from earth

This uncertainty explains variation in temperatures from 1.5 deg C to 4.5 deg C.

2. Combustion of fossil fuels e.g. coal to sulphur dioxide (SO2) has cooling effect.

3. Variations in sun’s output are responsible for temperature increases.

4. Ocean levels will naturally increase due to thermal expansion of surface ocean water and melting of glaciers.

An increase in temperature will lead to increased precipitation, which will increase ice thickness at poles, thus reducing sea level.

5. Natural regional climatic changes, such as deforestation and bushfires, as opposed to global changes.

Policies for Greenhouse Emission Reduction Problems

Different countries emit vastly different CO2 levels per capita Countries have very different per capita incomes Very difficult to work out the warming potential for each Greenhouse Gas in terms of CO2 equivalent. Emissions of gases from various countries are not known with certainty

Policies

1. Each country can reduce by the same percentage

Existing emission levels are uneven per capita are taken as standard Poor countries want to increase fossil fuel usage

2. Each country gets the same emission quotas on a per capita basis.These countries sell quotas to rich countries.

3. Rich countries could reduce emissions by 20% with no reductions required by poor countries.

• Not all rich countries have high emissions of CO2, and not all poor countries are low emitters because of deforestation.

4. Assume Australia which is high income and high Greenhouse Gas emitter per capita is required to reduce emissions by 20%.

• How should it be reduced? By: a) each state? b) each industry section?

Some methods of reducing CO2 emissions that have negative impact on our lives;
• Better managing of natural resource;
• Reducing waste in manufacturing;
• Find alternative end uses for waste (recycle and reuse);
• Buying less junks and goods that we don’t need (In Australia, estimated to be worth AUD billion per annum);
• Buying quality goods that don’t need replacing as often;
• Recycling more (e.g. it takes about 8 times more energy to convert bauxite to aluminium than it does to recycle it)
• Reduced use of motor vehicles;
• Increased use of public transport;
• More efficient lighting, heating and cooling;
• Better insulation;
• Less reliance on electricity and electrical goods and machines;
• More efficient electrical appliances;
• More efficient cars;
• Alternative technologies from natural sources such as wind, thermal and tidal;
• Converting landfills and sewage plants into methane plants;
• Bio-fuels such as bio-diesel, methanol and ethanol production from organic waste sources
• Reduce large scale deforestation and land clearing;
• Increase tree planting;
• More efficient agriculture including No till and Conservation agriculture methods;
• Organic farming.

Article by jekky

HC Environmental Network: What is a “zero carbon”? If not visited The Expo Urban Best Practices Area E Area Zero Carbon Museum London, 100 individuals may have a hundred answers. Yesterday morning, the London case of zero-carbon Stadium opening ceremony, visitors will have the opportunity to enter China’s first “zero carbon dioxide emissions” building experience “zero carbon” way of life. Zero Carbon Museum of London curator, said Chen Shuo, within two years, China’s self-built “zero carbon” community is expected to occur. Consequences of the greenhouse effect under high temperature experience6 this morning, ushering in the official opening of the Expo Site, after the first rains, swept away many days of high temperatures. Urban Best Practice Area in case of zero-carbon Museum in London, conference room, though hot. Here, the “case of zero carbon Expo Hall in London opening ceremony and launch of zero carbon Union” is being held, the meeting deliberately creating the scene in 40 , to draw attention to the greenhouse effect causing global warming concerns. Standing in the conference room door, an hot air blowing, sitting in the venue feeling unbearably hot, especially standing on the rostrum of the Speaker, under the direct light is sweaty. Organizers explained, so “abusive”-style opening ceremony, designed to allow participants to experience if global warming continues, the survival of mankind would be very bad state. Zero carbon is a way of lifeMeeting space, the reporter interviewed curator Chen Shuo zero carbon. He explained: Zero Carbon is a lifestyle, not a specific standard, in fact, absolutely zero emissions of carbon dioxide can not do. Zero carbon building is the use of various means to reduce the pollution caused by their own, and rational use of waste, use Environmental protection Cleaning Energy To reduce carbon dioxide emissions and ultimately achieve “zero waste” and “zero energy” and “zero waste” of the ideal state. In short, by Solar Energy , Wind Energy Produced by fermentation of organic waste Biomass As a core energy to achieve “zero energy”; through the roof to collect rainwater flushing the toilet or watering to reduce water demand, in order to achieve “zero waste”; the organic waste used to generate electricity, will be made into furniture or inorganic construction waste materials, thus achieving “zero waste.” That is the main principle of zero carbon housing. China or have its first zero carbon communityIntroduced, according to Chen Shuo, a prototype zero-carbon from the Museum of London Beddington community, the community has been hailed as “the first zero-carbon community”, is the UK’s largest environmental and ecological Cell. Since the residents admitted since 2002, known worldwide, is recognized internationally as the most important building of sustainable energy and living examples. Chen Shuo, in fact, zero-carbon house of China as early as two years ago to begin, there are technically no problem, the key is how to reduce the cost of zero-carbon house to be promoted range. Zero carbon house in the housing owner to invest the money, you can save water by means of recovery, 7 to 8 years if the cost can be recovered, then the zero-carbon house is worth a massive scale; if the process takes 15 years, it can be small scale trials; 20,30 if the process takes years, it can only come as a case study. Can promote, when to promote, all depend on the market. Is currently being tested Map The zero-carbon house cost 1,500 yuan per square meter control (based on the standard price), and if all goes well, within two years, China may be the first pilot zero carbon community.

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