Efficient energy use means simply using less energy to provide the same level of service. An example would be insulating a building to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve the same temperature. Another example is installing fluorescent lights and/or skylights instead of incandescent lights to attain the same level of illumination. Efficient energy use is achieved primarily by means of a more efficient technology or process rather than by changes in individual behavior.
A building’s location and surroundings play a key role in regulating its temperature and illumination. For example, trees, landscaping, and hills can provide shade and block wind. In cooler climates, designing buildings with an east-west orientation to increase the number of south-facing windows minimizes energy use, by maximizing passive solar heating. Tight building design, including energy-efficient windows, well-sealed doors, and additional thermal insulation of walls, basement slabs, and foundations can reduce heat loss by 25 to 50%.
Modern building practices often demonstrate little regard for energy efficiency or the larger economic, environmental or social impacts of the built environment. Green building attempts to break with these practices. Early efforts to bring change to the building sector in the 1960s through the 1980s generally focused on single issues such as energy efficiency and conservation of natural resources. Green building now integrates a wide range of building design, construction, and operation and maintenance practices to provide healthier living and working environments and minimize environmental impacts. Crucial to the success of green building has been the application of integrated design principles, a whole-building-systems approach, which brings together the key stakeholders and design professionals as a core team to work collaboratively from the early planning stages through to the building’s occupation.
Table Of Contents :
Executive Summary 5
What is Energy Efficiency? 7
Overview 7
Energy Efficient Appliances 9
Energy Efficient Industries 9
Energy Efficient Vehicles 10
Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Energy 11
Rebound Effect and Energy Efficiency 13
Introduction to Energy Efficient Buildings 14
Overview 14
Features of a Green Building 15
How widespread is the Concept of Green Buildings 16
Negative Environmental Impacts of Current Building Practices 17
Benefits of Green Building 19
Some Green Building Rating Systems 21
GHG Emissions and Green Buildings 22
AIA 2030 Challenge 23
Elements of an Energy Efficient Building 24
Overview 24
Basic Principles of an Energy Efficient Building 24
Market Developments 26
Looking at the Thermal Envelope 27
Wall and Roof Assemblies 27
Insulation 28
Windows 30
Weatherstripping and Caulking 31
Controlled Ventilation 33
Heating and Cooling Systems 34
Looking at Energy-Efficient Appliances 35
Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Efficient Buildings 37
Building and Buying an Energy Efficient Home 38
Energy Flows in a Building 40
Standards of Eco Living 42
Passive House Concept 42
Minergie House Concept 42
Zero Energy House Concept 43
Energy Plus House Concept 43
Design Components 44
Financial Considerations of EEBs 46
Overview 46
Significance of Energy Cost 47
Cost of Achieving Energy Efficiency 48
Major Trends 51
Patterns in Building Stock 51
Consumer and Demographic Trends 52
Trends in Energy Demand in the built Environment and Supply 52
Government Trends 53
Scarcity of Resources 54
Industrial/Commercial Trends 54
Forces Driving EEBs 56
Market Forces 56
Government Regulations and Programs 57
Challenges to Energy Efficient Buildings 59
Challenges to Economic Pricing of Energy 59
Factors such as Environment, Energy Security, Social Policy and Employment 59
Technical Skills 60
Doubts About Energy Consumption and Conservation 61
Lack of Confidence in New Technologies 61
Lack of Knowledge on Expenditure and Benefit 62
Availability of Capital 62
Separate Capital and Operating Budgets 63
Split Incentives 63
Risks and Uncertainties 65
Lack of Coordination and Consistency in Government Policies 65
Lack of Research Investments 66
Technological Challenges 66
Institutional Challenges 67
Overall Energy Consumption by Buildings 68
Energy Use in Buildings 74
Requirement of a Supportive Regulative Framework 77
Energy Policy Act of 2005 and Energy Efficient Buildings 81
Overview 81
Qualification Factors 81
Tax Deduction 82
Certification Requirements 82
Calculating of Design Methods and Technologies 82
Determining Building Compliance 83
Interim Rules for Lighting Projects 84
Overview of the Program 85
Opportunities for Energy and Cost Savings 85
Zero Energy Goals 86
Tax Incentives for Energy Efficiency 87
Tax Incentives for Commercial Buildings 88
Tax Incentives for Residential Buildings 89
Buildings Efficiency and Economic Recovery 89
Building America Program 91
Overview of the Program 91
Systems Engineering Approach 92
Methodology 94
Results 95
Benefits for the Buyer & Homeowners 95
Benefits for Buyers 95
Benefits for the Homeowners 96
Benefits for the Country 97
Energy Star� Program 98
Obama�s New Energy Efficiency Efforts 100
Energy Efficient Buildings in Europe 104
Energy in the EU 104
Energy Efficiency in Buildings in Europe 107
Energy Efficiency in EU 107
Overview 107
Policy Developments 108
Regulations in Relation to Buildings 110
Energy Performance of Buildings 110
Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings 112
Directive 2004/8/EC on the Promotion of Cogeneration 117
Program for EU Member States related to Buildings 118
Energy Services to Buildings 118
Development of the EU Framework 120
Improving Energy Efficiency of Buildings in EU Member States 121
Energy Efficiency Regulations 122
Existing National Programs 122
Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings 126
Major Players 127
Governments 128
The European Union 129
International Energy Agency 130
European Energy Charter 131
European Committee for Standardization 131
Energie-Cits 131
European Network of Buildings Research Institutes 132
European Investment Bank 133
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 133
Future 134
Country Analysis 136
China 136
Hong Kong 138
India 140
Japan 141
Malaysia 143
Philippines 145
Singapore 146
South Korea 147
Taiwan 149
Thailand 151
Case Studies 154
Masdar City, Dubai 154
Energy-Efficient Building Designing of the Louisiana Capitol Complex 157
Energy Efficient Building Programs in Hawaii 159
Enermodal Engineering�s Building 161
Major Players 164
Actelios 164
Cemex 165
DuPont 166
EDF 167
Enermodal Engineering 168
Honeywell 169
Lafarge 170
Philips 171
TEPCO 172
Appendix 174
Glossary 179
About the Publisher 192
List of Figures and Tables
Tables
Figure 1: Possible Areas of Air Leakage 32
Figure 2: Heat Recovery Ventilation 34
Figure 3: Energy Flows within a Building 41
Figure 4: Design Impacts on Energy Use 45
Figure 5: Energy and Total Costs by Quality of Fittings 48
Figure 6: Costing Green: A Comprehensive Cost Database and Budgeting Methodology 49
Figure 7: Best and Worst Case Projections of Site Energy Demand 69
Figure 8: Existing Building Floor Space 70
Figure 9: Building Energy Projection by Region 71
Figure 10: Site Energy Sources 72
Figure 11: Primary Energy 72
Figure 12: Life Cycle Energy Use 73
Figure 13: Complex Value Chain 75
Figure 14: Three Approaches in a Supportive Framework 78
Figure 15: Sources of Environmental Impacts in Each Phase of the Building Life Cycle 79
Figure 16: Energy Demand in the EU 105
Figure 17: Compliance Framework for Hong Kong Building Energy Standards 139
Figure 18: Distribution of Energy Demand of Various Buildings Components 174
Figure 19: Most Cost-effective Method for Lowering GHG Emissions 175
Figure 20: Building Energy End Use Consumption 176
Figure 21:Integrated Building Systems: Active Shading + Dimmable Lighting = Load Management Strategy 178
Tables
Table 1: Potential National Lighting Savings 177
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